{"id":1764,"date":"2020-05-11T12:38:22","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T12:38:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/extension-and-advisory-services-role-in-the-covid-19-crisis\/"},"modified":"2024-01-11T16:35:54","modified_gmt":"2024-01-11T16:35:54","slug":"extension-and-advisory-services-role-in-the-covid-19-crisis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/extension-and-advisory-services-role-in-the-covid-19-crisis\/","title":{"rendered":"Extension and Advisory Services Role in the COVID-19 Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"

This post is written by\u00a0Kevin Chen<\/a>,\u00a0Mark Leclair<\/a>,\u00a0Esmail Karamidehkordi<\/a>,\u00a0Carl Larsen<\/a>, and\u00a0Suresh Babu<\/a>\u00a0for DLEC<\/a> and published first on\u00a0Agrilinks<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

There is increasing concern that the COVID-19 pandemic will have dire\u00a0consequences for food security<\/a>\u00a0unless adequate\u00a0safeguards<\/a>\u00a0are established. Food supply chains must continue to function;\u00a0the health of food system workers must be protected, and measures to ease the economic blow from lost incomes must be taken. Information, advice, and coaching for rural \u2014\u00a0as trusted rural communication and education institutions \u2014 are a critical piece of emergency response to such a crisis, providing credible information about the virus and farming advice to adapt to various shocks.<\/p>\n

In this post, we gather lessons from past emergencies and show how Extension & Advisory Services (EAS)\u00a0have adapted their education and communication for COVID-19 among regular and continued outreach. We also make recommendations for EAS\u00a0for future emergencies.<\/p>\n

The COVID-19 pandemic is not the first time EAS have been called to action in an unfolding disaster. As an institution with trained technical staff who are\u00a0trusted<\/a>\u00a0by communities, and with local reach and communication skills, extension has supported efforts and educated communities during crises such as\u00a0HIV\/AIDS<\/a>,\u00a0Ebola<\/a>,\u00a0avian influenza<\/a>,\u00a0natural disasters<\/a>, and\u00a0pest infestations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Past experience<\/h3>\n

The 2014-16 Ebola\u00a0outbreak<\/a>\u00a0in West Africa caused 11,325 deaths in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and had widespread economic and social consequences.\u00a0UNICEF\u2019s communication for development (C4D)<\/a>\u00a0work during the Ebola crisis identified working with local journalists and community radio\u00a0\u2014\u00a0part of the broader EAS community<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 as the most effective and flexible way to share information, allowing real-time rapid feedback from communities. In\u00a0Sierra Leone<\/a>, extension agents received social communication training to encourage preventive and behavior change messages through community sensitization meetings and radio discussions.\u00a0Liberia<\/a>\u00a0developed stronger health protocols that could now help manage COVID-19.<\/p>\n

Lesson: Capacity strengthening and the right tools and channels are necessary to provide tailored EAS messages.<\/p>\n

Extension was instrumental in controlling another viral disease that jumped from animals to humans in Asia\u00a0\u2014\u00a0avian flu<\/a>. In\u00a0Vietnam<\/a>\u00a0during the 2005-2007 outbreak, extension officers helped detect positive cases, coordinated the establishment of quarantine zones in collaboration with local authorities, and supervised the culling and destruction of infected flocks and the disinfection of affected farms. They then helped reestablish post-disaster production. Their swift and effective action helped minimize loss of human life in Vietnam caused by the\u00a0H5N1<\/a>\u00a0virus.<\/p>\n

Lesson: EAS must support local producers throughout the process and along all areas of the value chains; this means they need a broad set of capacities.<\/p>\n

Present response<\/h3>\n

In the days after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, EAS responded quickly to provide COVID-19 information to rural communities and to adapt their regular outreach to the \u201cnew normal\u201d of social distancing and noncontact communication.<\/p>\n

In the pre-COVID-19 world, radio was already a trusted source of information for rural residents. Radio\u00a0reaches over 70 percent of the world\u2019s population<\/a>\u00a0and is used by EAS to reach rural people with information and advice.\u00a0Evidence<\/a>\u00a0shows that listening to radio increases knowledge and leads to adoption of new technologies and practices. Research by\u00a0BBC Media Action<\/a>\u00a0showed that radio consistently occupies an important informational and community-building function in disasters. Similarly, a meta-analysis by\u00a0Hugelius<\/a>\u00a0and colleagues showed how humanitarian radio plays a major role in fostering community resilience and recovery.<\/p>\n

Now, as many people shelter in their homes and\/or try to limit contact with other people, the radio work of journalists and extension agents has become a crucial means of health and safety communication.\u00a0Farm Radio International<\/a>\u00a0is currently working with over 1,000 radio broadcasters in Africa to ensure that myths and misinformation about COVID-19 are challenged over the airwaves, bringing critical information to listeners who may lack other credible sources.<\/p>\n

A couple of EAS country responses to the COVID-19 crisis show how extension staff are working to spread information about the virus while continuing to share vital agricultural knowledge.<\/p>\n

In China, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA<\/a>) established an EAS big data platform linked to the National Cloud Platform for Grass-Root Agricultural Technology Extension (NAECP) to mitigate the pandemic\u2019s economic impacts, especially during spring planting season, in three ways:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Providing training and technical support for spring ploughing, ensuring that agricultural production is on time. For example, Jiangxi Province utilizes online extension platforms for technical guidance and online expert consultation to help farmers under quarantine. Before February 15, over 2,100 technicians and 100 experts provided\u00a0online services<\/a>, answering 27,000 questions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    1. Promoting delivery of online market information to guide farmers on crop selection to maximize economic benefits. For example, an expert team in Yongqing, Hebei evaluated vegetable growth periods, time to market, and projected supply and demand,\u00a0identifying lettuce and sprout as priority crops<\/a>\u00a0this season.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
        \n
      1. Contributing to pest monitoring and prevention. Agricultural experts predicted the\u00a0fall armyworm<\/a>\u00a0would cause more severe damage this spring season. The National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center\u00a0published timely forecasts and early warning<\/a>\u00a0and prevention and control measures.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Extension officers\u2019 smartphones allow ubiquitous connection to the NAECP for knowledge sharing, management, performance appraisal, and data collection. This system requires minimal face-to-face contact between the extension and farmers, a key advantage during the outbreak.<\/p>\n

        The platform is now targeting farmers, agriculture enterprises, destitute households, and low-income families for further effectiveness during COVID-19. Local platforms such as one in Shanghai has a \u201cfighting COVID-19\u201d\u00a0module<\/a>, providing health advice for farmers.<\/p>\n

        Iran \u2014 which has been especially hard-hit in the pandemic \u2014 reported the first case of COVID-19 on February 19\u00a0and declared an emergency. The\u00a0Ministry of Health and Medical Education<\/a>\u00a0led the outbreak\u2019s control. A public awareness approach \u2014 including engaging EAS \u2014 through mass and electronic media (radio, TV, social media, text messages) informed the public about the virus and its prevention. The Agricultural Education and Extension Institute at the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of the\u00a0Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad<\/a>\u00a0established a national working group on March 10 to use EAS to prevent COVID-19 in agricultural, rural, and nomadic communities. They produced materials, apps,\u00a0 electronic pamphlets, videos, and text messages for training and\u00a0information<\/a>\u00a0on the outbreak.<\/p>\n

        Initial feedback from local extension staff shows that these communications reached over 7,500 extension agents, local leaders, and community-based organizations. According to Agricultural Extension Administrations, most farmers received information from mass and social media and village posters and public boards. Radio and TV programs are broadcasted several times a week to cover all communities. Extension agents use social distancing measures, postponing regular face-to-face contact, and mass media and electronic devices.<\/p>\n

        Future lessons<\/h3>\n

        As shown above and\u00a0elsewhere<\/a>, quick action from governments coupled with credible, regular information is critical in dealing with emergencies such as COVID-19. As a critical actor in providing such information to rural areas, EAS can do several things globally to help mitigate the economic and health impacts of COVID-19.\u00a0FAO<\/a>\u00a0gives some guidance on this, including raising awareness about COVID-19, advising local producers in dealing with value chain disruptions, and facilitating\u00a0gender-sensitive<\/a>\u00a0social support.<\/p>\n

        EAS can offer\u00a0support<\/a>\u00a0during uncertainty and sudden changes that come with the pandemic, and strategies to bounce back from shocks and enhance\u00a0resilience<\/a>. Some markets,\u00a0such as fruits or vegetables,\u00a0may disappear when flights are reduced or food export\u00a0bans<\/a>\u00a0are enacted. Extension agents can help farmers to come up with \u201cPlan B\u201d (or even \u201cC\u201d and \u201cD\u201d)\u2013\u2013as was the case in Kenya, where horticulture farmers switched to varieties in demand from local rather than international markets.<\/p>\n

        What happens after the COVID-19 crisis passes? Given the likelihood of\u00a0future<\/a>\u00a0disease outbreaks, we must build more robust and effective extension programs that continue to function seamlessly in a crisis\u2013\u2013helping with disease management efforts while continuing to support agricultural operations and averting food insecurity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Extension and Advisory Services can offer much needed support during uncertainty accompanying a pandemic, and strategies to bounce back from shocks and enhance resilience.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":885,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[29,50,105,118,51],"class_list":["post-1764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dlec","tag-agriculture-extension","tag-agritech","tag-covid-19","tag-eas","tag-smallholder-farmers"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1764"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2696,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1764\/revisions\/2696"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digitalgreen.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}